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Communist East Germany closed its border in Berlin on Aug. 13, 1961, when it erected a wall that eventually turned into an increasingly elaborate fortification snaking through the city and around ...
The winds of cold-war crisis for 1961 were converging on Berlin. Russia’s Nikita Khrushchev had made it plain that he intends to provoke that crisis. In his Vienna confrontation with Khrushchev, ...